Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Fessell TM, et al. The motor unit number index (MUNIX) in sarcopenic patients. Aging-related increases in behavioral variability: Relations to losses of dopamine D1 receptors. MacDonald SW, Karlsson S, Rieckmann A, et al. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2013 January 16(1). Aging and muscle: A neuron’s perspective. Meta-analysis of type and complexity of a secondary task during walking on the prediction of elderly falls.
Neurology 2016 86:36–43.Ĭhu YH, Tang PF, Peng YC, Chen HY.
Relationship of regional brain β-amyloid to gait speed. Neurobiol Aging 2018 71:189–222.ĭel Campo N, Payoux P, Djilali A, et al MPT/DSA Study Group. Get a grip: Individual variations in grip strength are a marker of brain health. Exercise also reverses depressive behaviors ( 25).Ĭarson RG. In the brain tryptophan is converted into serotonin that inhibits neuronal activity leading to a sense of fatigue ( 24). Exercising muscle increases tryptophan and branched chain amino acids release in the blood leading to an increase in tryptophan in the brain ( 22, 23). Irisin has been considered a major peptide communicator ( 18), but recently studies have suggested that the assays that have been used are very nonspecific ( 19, 20).Īnother effect of muscle on the brain is to increase fatigue ( 21). Among these myokines the ones that have been shown to have effects on the central nervous system include insulin-growth factor-1, brain derived nerve growth factor, cathepsin-B, fibroblast growth factor-1 and irisin ( 17). Exercise directly increases BDNF, APP and BACE-1 in Alzheimer’s disease rat brain ( 15).įor muscle to produce these effects it produces a variety of myokines that have a direct effect on the brain ( 16). Overall, exercise increases neurogenesis, neuronal maturation, angiogenesis, hippocampal volume and learning and memory in mice ( 14). Exercise increases mental performance and function in older persons ( 10- 13). In persons with mild cognitive impairment there is an increase in brain activation after 12 weeks of training ( 9). Physical exercise increases hippocampal volume in older persons ( 8). “Methinks that the moment my legs begin to move, My thoughts begin to flow”
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